Italian Verb Conjugations Correre

The Importance of Time in Virginia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway.

Virginia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway is a modernist novel, which shows new techniques to express a different point of view with regard to the notion of time. It is not without importance to note that the novel has no chapter headings. Nevertheless it is immediately obvious that the interest of the novel is not only in the form but also in the content. The action takes place in a single day of June in 1923 and what is interesting in the structure of the book is that simultaneously with the story of this single day, time is constantly flowing from present to past or to future. These flashbacks constitute the major psychological moments of the novel, most of them being represented by the stream of consciousness technique. This essay will explain how†¦show more content†¦(p.3; my emphasis) In a manner that she will sustain throughout the novel, the narrator conveys memory and present action to us simultaneously and ambiguously. Which she could hear now refers, ostensibly, to the squeak of the hinges at Bourton in Clarissas memory. Yet now implies the moment of her plunge into the street, suggesting a kind of reverie. The later phrase, for a girl of eighteen as she then was is similarly disorienting. It locates the time of Clarissas bursting open the windows of Bourton, but it also implies that, through her memory, she has become eighteen again. The then contrasts with the earlier now, but neither refers concretely to its own relative time. And finally, Clarissas thinking of Peter Walsh proves that the flow of thoughts is achronological, because she mixes the vision of him now and as he was thirty years before. Furthermore, she is allusive when she remembers what he said; she is trying to reconstruct the past. It must be admitted that this kind of memories are almost omnipresent throughout the novel and get mixed up with the present moment. However the most pertinent fact in these memories of Bourton is Clarissas refusal to marry Peter Walsh. She is constantly thinking of this. In the flow of her thoughts, Clarissa shows the difficulty of this choice: Now I remember how impossible it was ever to make up my mind - and why did I make up my mind - not to marry him, she wondered, that awfulShow MoreRelated The Importance of Time in Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Time in Virginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway We live in a consumer society consuming time. We use time to function smoothly but also to channel the direction of our lives. As a college student, I am constantly aware of time. I have a time frame for finishing my college career, as well as constant deadlines to meet. Daily, I divide my hours between my job, my studies, and my friends. In the midst of following external time, I strive for a balance with my internal time. My personalRead MoreComparing The Film And Virginia Woolf s Mrs. Dalloway1244 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the fact that suicides feature in both the film and Virginia Woolf’s novel Mrs Dalloway, both texts echo Woolf’s words from her 1922 diary: ‘I meant to write about death, only life came breaking in as usual.’ Both Woolf’s modernist 1925 novel and Daldry’s 2002 postmodernist film which has Mrs Dalloway as a pivotal point for its three interwoven stories can be seen as life-affirming texts – with their major focu s on women whose rich inner lives are juxtaposed with their outer lives constrainedRead More The Social/Economic Upper-Class in England in Mrs. Dalloway, Sense and Sensibility, and The Picture of Dorian Gray1383 Words   |  6 PagesEngland in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray are depicted through the characters’ lifestyles, wealth, and behaviors. Woolf, Austen, and Wilde give insightful portrayals of the characters by emphasizing their social roles in the England society. Their portrayals of the characters suggest that they are critical of the upper-class’ factitious lifestyles. Members of England’s social/economic upper-class in Woolf’s, Austen’sRead MoreThe Central Value Connecting Mrs. Dalloway And The Hours1037 Words   |  5 Pages The central value connecting Mrs Dalloway and The Hours is an affirmation of life. Although suicides feature in both Stephen Daldry’s film and Virginia Woolf’s novel both texts echo Woolf’s words from her 1922 diary: ‘I meant to write about death, only life came breaking in as usual.’ Both Woolf’s modernist 1925 novel and Daldry’s 2002 postmodernist film focus on women whose rich inner lives are juxtaposed with their outer lives constrained by the contexts in which they live. The characters areRead MoreMrs. Dalloway Paper1209 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Dalloway Paper Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, was written in 1925, a time filled with many large changes to civilization. The book was written and set right after the biggest war human-kind can remember which killed millions of people, during the peak of industrialization which caused the mass production of items and created thousands of new inventions, while modernist arts and thoughts were growing and, and when national pride was very large for the citizens of the Allied countries in WorldRead MoreAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Essay1460 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway by Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range ofRead MoreMrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf1696 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novel Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, the author uses narrative techniques of stream of consciousness and interior monologue in order to depict the workings of an â€Å"ordinary† or normal mind in narrative form. She also rejects the conventional structure of ‘chapters’ in order to give an â€Å"ordinary† portrayal of the mind. This essay will firstly contextualise the extract for analysis, namely the opening scene in the novel. This will be followed by defining the narrative techniques that is depictedRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 PagesThe Suicide of the Author and his Reincarnation in the Reader: Int ertextuality in The Hours by Michael Cunningham Andrea Wild In his novel The Hours, Michael Cunningham weaves a dazzling fabric of intertextual references to Virginia Woolfs works as well as to her biography. In this essay, I shall partly yield to the academic itch to tease out the manifold and sophisticated allusions to the numerous intertexts. My aim, however, is not to point out every single reference to Woolf and her works--suchRead MoreThe Great Divide By John Woolf And Forster s Howard s End 960 Words   |  4 Pagespresent during the time in England on the cusp of High Modernism. The importance of connections with others was one that was specifically addressed in much of the literature. E.M. Forster even highlighted the idea in his novel â€Å"Howard’s End† with the epigraph â€Å"only connect†. The idea supports the notion that, in order for a society to survive and thrive, some degree of connection must be adequately maintained. Yet, through the stratification of social classes in England at the time, there was littleRead MoreMrs Dalloway1427 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Mrs. Dalloway Ââ€" Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway, published in 1925, is a romantic drama with deep psychological approaching in to the world of urban English society in the summer of 1923, five years after the end of World War I. The book begins in the morning with the arrangements for a party Clarissa Dalloway will give and it ends late in the evening when the guests are all leaving. There are many flashbacks to tell us the past of each character, but it does not leave the range of those

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example For Students

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Essay FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Introduction:- is a relatively new branch of psychology but relates to one of the fastest growing areas of the discipline as indicated by an increase of the practice of clinical psychology within the legal system and the increasing interest expressed by undergraduate and graduate students. The word forensic is derived from the Latin word forensis meaning of the forum where the law courts of ancient Rome were held. Dictionary meaning of psychology is science of human mind and behavior. Hence superimposing both these key words, the literal meaning will evolve as application of psychological principles and methods to any area of legal system. FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY Essay is therefore the interface between psychology and law. Part II: Education and EmploymentAs mentioned above there are very few psychologists involved in the field. In turn there are very few schools which offer courses in this area. Criminal Forensic Psychologists generally hold graduate degrees although it is not unheard of to posses only an undergraduate degree. Florida State University offers a graduate Criminal Forensic Psychology degree and recommends a series of courses both in Psychology and other criminal and social sciences. It takes the average student four years to complete the undergraduate program and an additional two years to complete graduate studies. Undergraduate / Graduate Courses ? Social Psychology ? Abnormal Psychology Personality Psychology ? Child Psychology Developmental Psychology ? Industrial Psychology ? Behavior Drugs. ? Psychotherapy ? Motivation ? Introduction to Criminal Law ? Advanced Criminal Law? Criminology? Forensic Anthropology Since there are not many serial offenders, Forensic Psychologists specializing in criminal cases have the best chance of finding work in highly populated urban areas or with one of many federal agencies including the DEA, ATF, and FBI. I enjoy traveling therefore I would prefer working with a federal agency which would require even more training. After a long and rigorous application process Federal Agents receive six months to a year of basic training. Only then are agents assigned to a specific federal agency. Federal Agents make anywhere between $32,000 and $100,000 a year, based on their position and seniority. Federal Agents with a background in Forensic Psychology generally start at around $40,000 and gradually move up from their eventually ending at the higher end of the pay spectrum. Federal Agents are forced to retire at 55. Political Science

The All American Girls Professional Baseball Leagu Essay Example For Students

The All American Girls Professional Baseball Leagu Essay eThe All-American Girls Professional Baseball LeagueBefore we told our daughters that they could be anyone, or anything they wanted to be, we told them that they could only be what was acceptable for women to be, and that they could only do things that were considered â€Å"ladylike.† It was at this time, when the nation was frenzied with the business of war, that the women of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League decided that they could do and be whatever it was that they chose. These women broke free of the limitations that their family and society had set for them, and publicly broke into what had been an exclusively male sport up until that time. We will write a custom essay on The All American Girls Professional Baseball Leagu specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now To understand the significance of the league (which will further be referred to as the AAGPBL) you must first have an understanding of the role of women in society at this time. Post World War II, women had a very slight role in anything not concerning domestic issues. Public figures and decision-makers were male, and very few women were involved in anything having to with business or politics. Women were expected to be ladylike and well mannered at all times. Because of these factors it was rare to find a woman involved in any type of sport, especially those dominated by males. The start of the war era came on the heels of a decade when women had seemingly taken a step backward in social and economic progress. The depression of the 1930’s had devastated the American economy. Women, especially married women, had bore the largest share of the burden. To help male workers get back on the job, national leaders called for married women in two-income families to give up their jobs. Several states had passed laws barring women from holding state jobs. World War II brought drastic changes to the American woman’s life. The sudden rush to go to war had left the nation with a shortage of â€Å"manpower.† In response to this the government launched an ambitious campaign to convince women to join the war effort. Suddenly women were being called from their kitchens to work in the factories, being told that it was their patriotic duty. The famous â€Å"Rosie the Riveter† image arose from this movement. Rosie became a new image for women, being portrayed as strong, tough, and attractive. It was from this very image that the idea for the league was born. The league was the brainchild of Philip K. Wrigley, president of the Wrigley chewing gum company, and owner of the Chicago Cubs National League baseball team. Wrigley was concerned with the future of baseball. The major leagues had already lost more than half of their players to the military. The minor leagues were even harder hit. By the start of the 1943 season, more than 3,000 minor leaguers had joined the service or the war effort. Only nine of the nations 26 minor leagues had enough men left to play. Aside from this reason, there was concern over the continuation of baseball by several public figures, including President Roosevelt. It was thought that because of the long hours and demanding work of the war effort that it was important for the American people to have a way to blow off steam. In the fall of 1942, Wrigley assigned a three-man team from the Cubs organization to look into developing a professional baseball league for women. His theory was that if Rosie the Riveter could keep wartime factories going, maybe Rosie the Right Fielder could do the same for baseball. After receiving positive feedback for the idea of a women’s baseball league, Wrigley dispatched thirty of his baseball scouts to search the U.S. and Canada for top women ball players. When looking for players, scouts were instructed to look not only at ability and talent, but also for women with â€Å"high moral standing,† and femininity. .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 , .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .postImageUrl , .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 , .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:hover , .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:visited , .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:active { border:0!important; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:active , .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71 .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uacffee0dc5f81e4ecaf1b8c9583a7b71:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: harriet tubman EssayInitial tryouts were held in a dozen major cities. In May 1943 some 280 of them were invited to Wrigley Field in Chicago for the final selection process. In Chicago officials looked on as players were put through a series of tests and in the end

The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay Example The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay The Formalisation Of The Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay The facet of this essay is to understand the cardinal features of a profession and how it relates to the formalization of the societal work pattern. This will be turn toing the chief elements of a profession including specialised cognition which can be related theoretically cognition, in other words professionals seting theory into pattern and how it develops their competence of their work. The importance of making and preparation ; as to why making and preparation is indispensable furthermore, separating the difference between the traditional makings such as in the 1970s known as the Certificate in Social Services ( CSS ) to the current Social Work grade classs. Another constituent of a profession is the importance of liberty and how it can impact on a societal worker in footings of decision-making. For illustration, societal workers may meet liberty when it comes to commanding their ain personal businesss. However, in relation to the demands of service users, they may be issues of trouble organizing relationships with the service users as the inordinate sum of caseloads or high public and service demands. This may do an condensation within the services and the service users because the importance of liberty is holding duties to yourself and the services you offer at the same clip. The ethical guidelines as to what is and non acceptable within a profession. Associating to societal work, the essay will discourse what model that has been set up to guarantee ethical positions are taking into history. The British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) is one of the facets that recognised the cardinal rules of ethical ethical motives and positions. Finally, the essay will discourse the different types of regulative models that were introduced to keep high criterions of attention for the demands of the service users. A profession means a group of people that are specialised in a peculiar business. For illustration, an person that is a physician can be specialised in kids, therefore their business would be called baby doctors. Profession consists of professionals that have the same involvement, accomplishments based on theoretical cognition. Therefore it is of import that professionals should hold extended period of instruction to act upon the competence of their profession. Hodson and Sullivan ( 2005, p. 258 ) implies that profession is a high position and knowledge-based business that is characterised by the Hallmarks of a profession . The trademark of profession suggest profession is split into 4 chief constituents that are based on abstract, specialized cognition, liberty, Authority over low-level occupational groups and a certain grade of selflessness. Specialized cognition consists of theoretical, practical and techniques. The theoretical cognition would concentrate on theoretical guidelines as to what is expected by professionals. In dealingss to societal work, theoretical cognition is a important component to their profession as seting theory into pattern ; it helps sociables workers develop to believe critically and analytically. Oke ( 2008 ) suggest that one manner of associating theory into pattern is known as issue-based attack to acquisition ( IBL ) . IBL encourages meaningful acquisition as for illustration, treating information from a beginning can assist promote a automatic procedure of thought as it explore further on about thoughts and theorize in ways you can set the theories into pattern. By agencies of societal workers using the IBL efficaciously, it would heighten societal workers to work proactively as they would be capable of authorising schemes support the demands and wants of the service users. The competency o f cognition is a cardinal to profession as Payne ( 2005 p. 185 ) suggests professionalism, associated with increasing administration alongside increasing cognition and power. Therefore, this may associate to entry of making, the higher the making the more competent on their apprehension of seting theories into pattern. Learning new information invariably develops the self-knowledge and enables to travel in-depth of apprehension. Harris ( 2003 pp.133-4 ) argued that societal work preparation helps societal workers become a competent and accountable professionals . This may be a combination of educational establishment and societal work bureaus. The Central Council for Education and Training in Social work ( CCETSW ) supported the preparation strategy financially through the cardinal authorities. Before the mid-1980 s when the CCETSW introduced the certification in Social Services ( CSS ) , the inclination was pupils that obtained the CSS were more likely to go societal workers. Higham ( 2006, p. 16 ) argued that this meant people that worked within societal attention did nt suit in with the model with societal workers in the 1970 s. This is because obtaining the making became demanding between societal work and societal attention, hence the CCETSW was worried if there was suited sum of preparation resources available for societal attention staff that was desired to go a qualified societal worker. Matching to Horner ( 2009 p.94 -5 ) , he signified that since the outgrowth of the Diploma in Social Work ( DipSW ) in 1989 there has been an addition of societal workers. This could associate to the discontinued of the CSS making in 1992 ended and the start of preparation classs including worked-based vocational making emerged such as National Vocational Qualification ( NVQs ) . In 1992 the National Standards for Training and Development introduced the Worked-based vocational making which was made with a difference as there was no set course of study, specified programmes or examination- it was assessment based. Before there were societal attention workers that were already employed but did non accomplish a formal making as it was non regarded at that clip. Higham ( 2006 ) argued that statistics shows in the twelvemonth 2000 around 80 % of the work force did nt non obtain a making or had making that was non related to their business. This shows there was deficiency of competence within societ al attention professions which may hold compelled issues associated with insufficiency of coverage and recording processs, keeping confidentiality, truth of information and taking into history of the current policies and processs. The DipSW does non be any longer ; people that are developing to go societal workers would now necessitate The Social Work degree class to go a qualified societal worker. Chiefly, the formalization of developing based on societal work emerged from societal attention. Traditionally, society viewed societal work and societal attention as a synonymous profession. Steadily societal work had developed acknowledgment in relation to their profession which had gained them distinctive features than the societal attention profession. However, both professions overlap each other and organize a relationship together to ease people with their quality of life. Autonomy is another portion of a profession harmonizing to the four trademarks. It is common that professionals have a inclination to command their ain personal businesss based on their professional accomplishments and cognition. Social work values autonomy in footings of determination devising. For illustration, societal workers may demand liberty in footings of constructing a relationship with the service users more than the heavy caseloads they may meet as the unjust caseloads can forestall societal workers from undertaking efficaciously the issues that may take to put on the line upon service users. Roe ( 2006, p.15 ) study emphasises with societal workers because he argues that they are constrained by line direction agreements that require escalation of determination doing up a concatenation of bid in order to pull off budgets or hazard . This argues that societal workers are refrained from professional liberty as the consequence of force per unit area of their line directio n ; this suggest that line directions chief precedence in footings of determination devising is to see appropriate determination doing takes topographic point ( taking into consideration manageable budgets and the bar against hazard towards service user ) . Others may reason that there is deficiency of professional liberty within societal work because of the limitation from the populace and within the service demands. Social workers are perceived as authorized professionals that are entitled to independent determination devising in order to run into the demands of service users ; Harkness and Kadushin ( 2002, p 468 ) suggest that professional liberty is about holding duties to themselves and the services they offer. Therefore, if there was a lack of liberty within the societal workers, this would strongly wide services and societal workers would accordingly experience greater force per unit area from the populace and other bureaus of presenting their full potency due to the boundar ies of what they may meet. An issue that may originate for a societal worker is it acceptable to follow their inherent aptitude to protect and run into the demands of the service user, even though it may be unacceptable within the regulations and ordinances of the profession. Prolonging liberty in a societal work profession is imperative as it promotes societal workers to actively prosecute with other multi- bureau professionals which would hike their assurance and helped them make their full potency. In relation to a grade of selflessness, there are codifications of moralss for professionals within any business that are put in topographic point for professionals to seek counsel through competence, pattern and admiting the complexness of state of affairss. In other words, it is recognised as a systematic model as to what is ethically acceptable. On the other manus, codification of moralss within professionals offers counsel for every credible state of affairs, which means it can be perceived as generic and non the usage of specific regulations. Despite the codifications of moralss being generic, it plays a function for the societal work proviso. The British Association of Social Workers ( BASW ) introduced the codifications of moralss for societal work, values and rules that established the five chief key rules such as human self-respect and worth, societal justness, service to humanity, unity and competency ; they were put in topographic point to guarantee that in dealingss to st ruggles and revelation is honest, just and accurate. Besides to do certain professionals are compliant with the statute laws and ordinances. Despite, codifications of moralss can be misinterpreted or ignored by professionals ; non merely may the hazard of disciplinary action, but this as a consequence put the service users at hazard. However, it is of import within the societal work profession for societal workers to do mature determination every bit good as apprehension and taking into history the value of issues that societal workers may confront. It is important for professionals to follow the cognition and accomplishments gained through experience and makings in order transportation the accomplishments achieved to assist advance new functions and attacks to run intoing the demands of the service users. Within a profession there are codifications of pattern which is expected by employees to follow and set into pattern ; it normally consists of the lineations of behavior. The significance of the codifications of pattern would guarantee high criterions of their occupation functions are being met. This would non merely profit the profession as a whole but besides the employees, employers and the wider society. Comparison to the societal work profession, they have a similar construct as a scope of administrations had been put in topographic point to guarantee that it promotes high criterions within the profession. To keep the confidence, ordinance within the service ( including instruction and preparation ) and affairs of misconduct was a high precedence harmonizing to the UK authorities. These administrations included The Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2000 ( SCIE ) , The Commission for Social Care Inspection, 2004 ( CSCI ) , The General Social Care Council, 2003 ( GSCC ) and Sk ills for Care this was known as the large four Horner ( 2009, p 118 ) . Each of ordinance has their ain intent to guarantee high criterions of attention were precedence. The SCIE chief duty is to guarantee that societal attention professionals are able to place and widen cognition about good pattern such as counsel and developing professional criterions. The CSCI chief responsibility is guarantee that review and monitoring services within the wellness and societal attention services were affirmatory quality of protecting service users or patients from possible hazard of the service users or patients demands. Furthermore, The GSCC regulates societal workers including societal attention professionals by locating them onto a registry. The registry ensures merely professionals with the needed making and adhered the occupational criterions are echt to working with service users particularly the vulnerable. Furthermore, the Skills for Care modulate the preparation processes within the s ocietal sector. This may include developing makings and measuring the societal sector developing demands to guarantee competence within cognition is changeless throughout the preparation that is supplied to the societal attention and societal work professionals. Overall, the regulative models may hold different missions but they all form a relationship that supports and promotes quality criterions to the staffs, services and developing within the societal attention proviso. Regulations are of import within a profession to guarantee professionals are carry throughing the functions satisfactory and sensitively harmonizing to the public involvement. It is of import that the Social work profession should be able to place when the criterions are to some extent weakness, it should take instant action as it is their duty as a profession to take the taking function in professional administration. This will forestall drastic quandaries which can damage the profession position. To reason, to an extent societal work can be said to be a professional as comparison to a profession with a societal work profession there are similarities. In relation to knowledge, the societal work professionals would hold some grade of theoretical cognition. For illustration, harmonizing to Payne the power of professionalism involves the competency through cognition. This may reason that societal workers who obtained a societal work grade would hold higher making alongside increasing cognition and authorization as they more understanding of seting theoretical claims into pattern. In relation to developing profession necessitate preparation to maintain up to day of the month with current accomplishments, statute laws and knowledge so that they can supply a better service to their clients. Social work profession has a history of different attacks to preparation and development to a point of needed a degree alternatively of a sheepskin to go a societal worker. Professional liberty w ithin profession is about professionals covering with their ain personal businesss. Corresponding, societal work is between decision-making and taking into consideration ethical positions as to what is acceptable. To a grade of selflessness professionals would seek counsel through competence, experiences and understanding complexness of quandary. This construct is the same factor for a societal work profession as societal workers would necessitate to follow their codification of pattern coherently. To guarantee that the profession is run intoing the codifications of pattern, ordinance is maintained through administrations including the SCIE, CSCI, GSCC and Skills for attention. In general, societal work can be recognised as a profession. Furthermore, throughout the old ages Social work profession repute has been damage to extent as qualified societal workers go forthing the profession as they feel it is demanding profession.

Operations Strategies adopted by Schultz as CEO of Starbucks

Operations Strategies adopted by Schultz as CEO of Starbucks Executive Summary Quality management in terms of services, products and operations management is a critical aspect in business sustainability and development. This paper analyzes the experience of Starbucks in order to emphasize the notions of control and management as well as competent operations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Strategies adopted by Schultz as CEO of Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most eminent practice of Howard Schultz was his consideration of all needs and desires of customers by introducing additional quality products and coffee varieties into the menu. Besides, Schultz concentrated on employee training. Further, Schultz reviewed the supply chain of the Company in order to cut costs and enhance efficiency. The paper concludes that the operations strategies adopted by Schultz brought numerous changes to the Company. Before the crises between the years 2006 and 2008 Star bucks offered its customers coffee with the grand experience (Burks 2009). The Company had knowledgeable, sociable baristas that provided coffee in a trendy environment where people could socialize, unwind, operate their laptops, etc (Michelli 2007). Nevertheless, the situation changed when the USA experienced a financial crisis, thus, forcing citizens to reduce the amount of money that they usually spent on luxuries. Consequently, Starbucks experienced a lessened demand for its costly coffee drinks as well as a striking decline in the value of its stock. Howard Schultz reappeared as the CEO of Starbucks in 2008 at the time when both the corporation and the nation were experiencing a crisis. The annual sales of the Company experienced a percentage decline of 467% between 2006 and 2008 (Burks 2009). Schultz attributed this fall to rapid expansion, which compromised the quality of its products and services. The quest for growth had obstructed the Company’s core business of offe ring comfortable places for people to relax while taking sumptuous cups of coffee. Hence, Schultz realized that quality management was essential in restoring Starbucks to its initial upward course. After Schultz took his position as the Company’s CEO, the first thing that he accomplished was to shut down 600 coffee shops that performed poorly at that time. Besides, he visited many Starbucks outlets in order to establish the needs and desires of customers. Schultz solicited for customers’ views through direct contact.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schultz then used customers requirements to design quality and reliable drinks as requested by customers. Schultz considered all needs and desires of customers by introducing additional quality products and coffee varieties into the menu. In addition, Schultz focused on meeting customers’ needs for q uality and value through aligning the prices of its commodities to its Company strategy. Since its foundation, Starbucks maintained high price on its products because of supposed premium image that became associated with its brand. However, after Schultz reoccupied his seat as the Company’s CEO, Starbucks began offering a bottomless 8 oz cup of coffee at $1 with infinite top ups which cost about 50 cents less than all other products of the Company. Moreover, Starbucks has adopted value strategies that stress more on economical and cheaper coffee products, though initially they are supposed to be high-priced. Another perspective that Schultz concentrated on was employee training so as to meet the needs of customers. For instance, Schultz closed all Starbucks’ outlets in America for three hours in order to train employees on how to make the ideal espresso drink. Schultz recognized the value of equipping employees with competent skills that would enable them to make produ cts that meet customers standards. Thus, Schultz spent more time on training employees and less time on advertising, which was every beneficial. He recognized that Starbucks‘s employees were the most appropriate people to convey the passion and knowledge to customers. Further, Schultz focused on intensifying profits in existing stores through enhancing technology investments and operational efficiencies. By doing so, Schultz recognized that the improvements of the quality of customer service in terms of factors such as time and resources are due to use of technology. For instance, the Company proclaimed its focus for entertainment business on digital strategy in 2008 (Paryani 2011). Since 2008, when Schultz returned as the Companys CEO, Starbucks services extended from coffee and pastries to smoothies and wraps, which enabled the Company to maintain competition and meet all consumer needs. In addition, Schultz launched new products, for instance Starbucks VIAâ„ ¢ Ready Brew Coffee, food offerings with no artificial flavors, corn syrup or dyes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Strategies adopted by Schultz as CEO of Starbucks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By doing so, the Company was able to grow its consumer products, and thus, exploiting their brand responsiveness and setting up themselves as the most acknowledged and appreciated brand in the world to their intended market. Schultz, also, made strategic investments in chief strategies through concentrating on controlled, global store extension in main markets. He identified some key zones that could be fit for expansion, while closing outlets that did not seem necessary. In 2008, Schultz took time to review the supply chain of the Company, in order to establish irregularities that cost the Company too much. The assessment revealed that the supply chain had expanded rapidly through outsourcing. However, outsourcing had as well caused cost inflation (Jacobs Chase 2011). Reacting to those results, Schultz structured a supply transformation plan with three phases. The organization of Starbucks supply chain, which was the first step in the plan, began towards the end of 2008. This entailed taking a compound arrangement and splitting it so that each work became grouped under the four central functions of supply chain including sourcing, planning, manufacturing and distribution (Boyer Verma 2010; Stevenson, 2009). For example, all persons who participated in planning and introduction of new products became categorized in planning. Similarly, all workers involved in customer service and delivery became consigned to the delivery category. The second part of the plan was to cut down costs and enhance efficiency (Pearce Robinson 2009). To complete this step, the sourcing group set up strategies that would establish the cost drivers that were making prices go up (Russell Taylor 2011). In addition, the manu facturing group came up with a competent model for supplying coffee beans to its manufacturing plants as part of the plan with the objective of making productions in areas where the commodity got sold. The merits of this strategy were seen immediately, since regionalizing its coffee manufacture made Starbucks lessen its costs for transportation. In conclusion, the operations strategies adopted by Schultz have brought numerous changes to the Company in the last few years. Schultz concentrated on providing quality services to its customers, which enabled the Company to maintain its position as the most acknowledged and appreciated brand in the world. Further, the supply transformation plan introduced by Schultz enabled the Company to cut down costs while at th same time enhancing productivity and efficiency.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Boyer, K Verma, R 2010, Operations and supply chain management for the 21st century, Cengage Learning, London. Burks, M 2009, Starbucks, Santa Barbara, Greenwood Press. Jacobs, F R Chase, R B 2011, Operations and supply chain management, 13th edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York. Michelli, J A 2007, The Starbucks experience: 5 principles for turning ordinary into extraordinary, McGraw Hill, New York. Paryani, K 2011, ‘Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks’, International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, vol. 3 no.7, pp.1-14. Pearce, J P Robinson, R 2009, Strategic management: formulation, implementation and control, McGraw-Hill, New York. Russell, R S Taylor B W 2011, Operations management: creating value along the supply chain, 7th edn, John Wiley Sons, New Jersey. Stevenson, W J 2009, Operations management, 10th edn, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York.

A macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy, Supply and demand for Essay

A macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy, Supply and demand for Loanable Funds and for Foreign-Currency Exchange - Essay Example To balance the condition and allow the exchange, there is demand for the funds by the borrowers when they sell the bond that they have to the savers. An exchange in any market can only occur if there are demanders and suppliers. The funds consist of the loans from the banks and savings saved by the consumers foregoing consumption. Therefore to save involves a sacrifice and the savers in exchange demand for compensation for the best alternative foregone had they consumed the funds instead of saving them. The concept of compensation and incurring a cost is, therefore, is very important for the sustainability of the funds market (McConnell, Campbell, Brue and Stanley 92). The loanable funds are usually used for investment in new capital goods bringing about the concept of the supply and demand for the funds. The lenders bring about the supply curve that is upward sloping from left to right while the borrowers bring about the demand curve that is downward sloping from the left to the right. The curves are guided by the principle of demand and supply which states that, supply increases with the increase in the price while demand increases with a decrease in price. The conflicting ideologies calls for an equilibrium where the two intersect and those to make a decision agree. The interest rate is the sacrifice or cost of borrowing the loanable funds from the suppliers and it is the value of money that a person pays for using the dollar for one year. It is also the benefit or compensation to the person or entity supplying the funds. The rate of interest is usually expressed as a percentage of annual funds spend or borrowed. When dealing with the loanable funds one considers the interest rate which is adjusted for inflation to take care of the price changes. It is essential to ponder on the rate of interest that is real than a nominal one that has

Value at Risk (VAR) of a portfolio of 4 shares Assignment

Value at Risk (VAR) of a portfolio of 4 shares - Assignment Example This research aims to evaluate and present risks the financial institutions face with. Credit risk deals with the potential loss resulting from inability of a counterpart to adhere to its obligations. It is characterized by three basic components this being; credit exposure, loss in the event of default and probability of default. Liquidity risk is mainly caused by unforeseen outsized and stressful off-putting cash flow over a short span of time. A firm may be obliged to put up for sale some of its assets at a markdown, if it has vastly illiquid assets and suddenly requires liquidity. Market risk looks at the variations in market conditions and stipulates the uncertainties likely to occur to future earnings. Finally, operational risk includes the risk of regulatory and fraud. It mainly takes into account the errors made in settling transactions or instructing expenditure. Market risk is the most prominent; it highlights the potential economic loss as a result of a decrease in the por tfolio’s market value. Value at Risk (VaR) is the best measure that financial analyst can use to compute this risk. VaR is defined as a portfolio’s maximum potential loss value of financial instruments over a certain horizon with given probability. In this report, we are using the data obtained of four different companies. These data are composed of the total return indices of the four companies for the last ten years. VaR is a challenging statistical problem, though its existing models for calculations employ different methodologies they still follow a general structure. This structure involves three steps: a) Mark to market the portfolio, b) Approximate the distribution of returns, c) Calculate the VaR of the portfolio. The difference in the methods that are used to find VaR lie in step 2, because of the way they address the hitch of how to approximate the possible variations in the significance of the portfolio. For example, CAViaR models do not take account of the distribution matter; the quartile of the distribution is calculated directly in this case. There are a number of methods used in calculating the VaR value; in this report the main methods to be used are the Monte Carlo, Analytic and Bootstrap VAR. The report gives detailed results of all the three methodologies in a systematic manner, with data sample of a 260-day from the provided data of the portfolio shares for the four companies. The data are based on the total return index which takes into account the dividend level which is essential in valuing shares, unlike the price data sample. Background to the data sample The data are sampled from a ten year record of four individual companies, Kingfisher PLC, GKN PLC, Admiral PLC and Burberry PLC. Kingfisher PLC; is a company operating in the retail industry, founded in 1982 by Paternoster Stores Ltd. It expanded through successive acquisitions like Superdrug and B&Q. The company is a multinational now headquartered in London, UK. The c ompany provides products such as home appliances, garden supplies & plants, tools and hardware mostly home improvement products. It deals with brands such as B&Q, Brico Depot, Screwfix and Castorama. Its chain of stores is nearly 900 spread across eight countries in Asia and Europe. GKN PLC; found in the automotive and aerospace industry, its origin dates back to 1759 in the early stages of the industrial revolution. The company is a

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay There are many destructive and brute forces that demonize and demolish our humanity, beat down our beliefs, and wreak havoc upon our morals. Among these are greed, ire, and ignorance. These are major situations in today’s society, but none is as powerful or as dangerous as racism. It’s a major issue in today’s society as well as the society in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It was demonstrated in the novel by what befalls Tom and Helen Robinson and Bob Ewell. Racism has ruined the lives of countless men, women, and children by causing certain ethnicities to hide and cower in fear as the â€Å"superior ethnic group† inflicts misery upon them. It is an unnecessary evil that could never be solved because of society’s blindness to recognize it. By far the largest example of social inequality in the novel is the case of Tom Robinson. He is a black man falsely accused of violating Mayella Ewell. Tom is brought forth to trial upon a prejudiced, biased, and unjust white jury. He is being defended by Atticus Finch whom in the novel is the figure and backbone of social justice and morals. He takes on the case because he feels he would be hypocrite not to. To teach his kids, Jeremy and Jean Louise Finch, the importance of equality and for him not to value his own teachings is misguiding. â€Å"‘Nigger-lover is just one of those terms that dont mean anything like snot-nose. Its hard to explain ignorant, trashy people use it when they think somebodys favoring Negroes over and above themselves. Its slipped into usage with some people like ourselves, when they want a common, ugly term to label somebody. ’ ‘You arent really a nigger-lover, then, are you? I certainly am. I do my best to love everybody Im hard put, sometimes—baby, its never an insult to be called what somebody thinks is a bad name. It just shows you how poor that person is, it doesnt hurt you. ’ Atticus is aware of the man’s innocence and proves as much, but despite his best efforts the jury’s racist viewpoints cloud their morals and the trial is lost. â€Å"There’s something in our world that makes men lose their heads- they couldn’t be fair if they tried. In our courts, when it’s a white man’s word against a black man’s word, the white always wins. They’re ugly, but these are the facts of life. †(pg. 252) Tom being sentenced to death and even though that Atticus knows that the might have a chance at an appeal Tom refuses to acknowledge it. Tom believes that once again he will be judged because of the color of his skin rather than his innocence. He decided to break out from jail but in turn it was a failure. It resulted in him being shot a total of seventeen times. The only ones who were in woe or showed and remorse were the Finches along with Tom’s wife, Helen. I couldn’t in truth say that we had more than a good chance. I guess Tom was tired of taking the white men’s chances and preferred to take his own. † (pg. 237) Racism unfortunately can and will never go away. There will always be people in the world who feel they are superior just because of the color of their skin. At times they take their beliefs and allow it to cloud their logic and take brutal action to â€Å"prove how they are superior. In reality, we are all equal; no one is above another solely based on the color of their skin. Atticus saw this, and the world should too.

Essay --

From my professional experience I have worked with different managers and supervisors. Most of who are academically sound and well experienced in the medical field. It is important for me to be able to differentiate between managing and leading, because these are two distinct ways of organizing people. Leadership is basically setting a new vision/ direction for the organization or group that they follow. On the other hand, management controls and direct people, resources in the organization according to the values, ethics and principles that has been established by that organization. From our previous readings I concluded that people make choices to naturally and willingly follow a leader for various reasons e.g. their charisma, personality and management style, whereas a manager gives directives and are obeyed due to the authority and power given to them. For these reasons, people more often become loyal towards leaders than managers. The leader I have chosen to talk about is the Director of Pediatric Department and I would consider her to be an effective leader and a manger. I hav...

Multistep Synthesis of Benzilic Acid

Multi-Step Synthesis of Benzilic Acid from Benzoin Abstract: The main purpose of this experiment was to convert a secondary alcohol to a ketone, utilizing a mild and selective oxidizing agent. In addition, this converted alpha diketone was then subjected to rearrangement to a carboxylate salt, then acidification, to produce an alpha-hydroxyacid. In this experiment, benzoin was used and converted into benzil, which was then used to synthesize benzillic acid. The yields were not ideal: . 081g of benzil- a 27. 5% yield; . 038g of benzilic acid- a 34. 7% yield. The matching melting points and IR readings, however, confirmed a high degree of purity for each compound: 95. 6 °C for benzil, and 104. 5 °C for benzilic acid, meager . 632% and . 333% discrepancy from literature values, respectively. Finally, the IR absorption frequencies on the attached graphs illustrate the successful removal of the alcohol in the oxidation step and successive return of the alcohol/creation of carboxylic acid, following rearrangement. Multistep syntheses are essential to producing complex molecules.This experiment illustrated the importance of verifying intermediary products are pure, by utilizing different techniques such as IR and melting point. Below is a diagram of the overall reaction. First Reaction: Second Reaction: Introduction: The multistep reaction from Benzoin to Benzillic acid involves multiple organic chemistry concepts, such as oxidation and re arrangement. The first part of the experiment involves the oxidation of benzoin to benzil, utilizing a mild oxidating agent. The process of oxidation is used in all organic chemistry labs and is essential to a wide variety of synthesis reactions.In addition, oxidation reactions are essential in the the biochemistry of most living organisms. This experiment also breaks down oxidizing agents into selective and non-selective agents. For this experiment’s purposes, nitric acid was used, as it is selective towards secondary alcohols, oxidizing them to ketones. The second part of this experiment involves the rearrangement of benzil to benzillic acid or, more generally, the reaction of an alpha-diketone to an alpha-hydroxyacid. This reaction was first conducted by Justus von Liebig in 1838 (1).The basics of this reaction involve the formation of a carboxylate salt from an alpha-diketone; acid is then added to produce an aromatic alpha-hydroxyacid. The reaction conducted in this expe riment is an essential base step in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and certain hallucinogenic drugs. The synthesis of Benzil from Benzoin is shown below: The above reaction shows the condensed oxidation of benzoin to benzil. The following diagram shows the condensed reaction of benzil to benzillic acid. Rearrangement occurs to form a salt, then the salt is acidified to form benzillic acid.Once the products of each step were obtained- benzil and benzillic acid- their melting points and IR readings were obtained. These two measurements were used to prove that the correct product was formed without any impurities. One of the major risks in this experiment is loss of product through multiple filtrations. To minimize this problem, the filtration steps should be carefully and slowly executed. This ensures that the least amount of reactants are lost. In addition, recrystallization can occur too quickly if a hot solution is directly placed in an ice bath, allowing impurities to be trapped within the precipitate’s crystal lattice.To avoid this, the solutions should be given ample time to cool to room temperature before adding the solutions to an ice bath. These precautions were taken to try to reach our goal of a high percent yield of product with little to no impurities. There were no new techniques used in this experiment, however there were old techniques used to provide information/obtain a product. The first technique was crystallization which was useful to obtain a solid product that can then be purified. Another old technique utilized was filtration, via hirsch funnel and vacuum. This technique was used to obtain a purified product, removing impurities.Once the final solid product was obtained in both reactions the melting point procedure was used to determine the level of remaining impurity of the final product, comparing the experimental and expected values found in literature. In conjunction with the melting point procedure, infrared spectroscopy was used to reveal the different functional groups of the products. In other words, the IR machine indicates whether our final product matches up with the desired one, matching carbonyl and alcohol absorption peaks (or the lack thereof) to their theoretical presence (either benzil or benzillic acid).Procedure: 1. 5ml of nitric acid was added to . 30g of benzoin in a conical vial with a stir vane. The mixture was then heated in a 70 degree Celsius water bath, while stirred, for one hour. The mixture in the conical vial was then cooled to room temperature and, using a pipette, the solution was transferred to a beaker containing 4ml of ice water. The mixture slowly crystallized in the beaker and the crystallized product was filtered on a hirsch funnel with vacuum. 5 ml of cold water was used to wash the product and then the product was allowed to dry.The solid product was then collected from the funnel and added to a hot 95% ethanol solution in an Erlenmeyer flask and completely dissolved . Once the solid was dissolved completely, the solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. Once yellow crystals formed, the solution was placed into an ice bath. The product was then collected and filtered again on a hirsch funnel with vacuum. The product was then washed with ice cold 95% ethanol. Once completely dried, the crystals were weighed and the final mass, percent yield, melting point, and IR reading of the crystallized product measured/calculated. 100g of benzil and . 30ml of ethanol were mixed in a conical vial.The solution in the conical vial was then heated to about 100 degrees celsius until the benzil dissolved. Then . 25ml of potassium hydroxide was added dropwise to the vial. The mixture was then heated to 110 degrees for 15 minutes, then allowed to slowly cool to room temperature. The product was transferred with a pipette to a 10ml beaker and cooled in an ice bath for 15 minutes. 1ml portions of ethanol were added once crystallized and filtered. The product w as then transferred to a 10ml beaker with 70 °C water, allowing the product to dissolve. 0. ml of HCL acid was added dropwise and the mixture was allowed to cool and then transferred to an ice bath. The crystals were collected on a hirsch funnel and washed with 4ml of cold ice water.The crystals were dried and collected for final mass, percent yield, melting point, and IR reading. Results and Discussion: Table 1: Mass and Molar Quantity of Starting and Synthesized Materials; Percentage Yield and Both Experimental and Theoretical Melting Points of Products and Percent Discrepancy| Compound| Mass (g)| Quantity (mol x10-4)| % Yield| M. P. EXP ( °C)| M. P. THEO ( °C)| % D| Benzoin| 0. 298| 14| -| -| -| -| Benzil Yield| 0. 081| 3. 5| 27. 50%| 95. 6| 95. 0| 0. 632%| Benzil Start| 0. 1001| 4. 76| -| -| -|   | Benzilic Acid Yield| 0. 038| 1. 67| 34. 97%| 149. 5| 150| 0. 333%| The initial mass of benzoin and its yield of benzil in the first part of the experiment, as well as the star ting mass of benzil and its yield of benzilic acid in the second part.Note that the yield from part 1 was not the same amount used at the start of part 2. Also shown: the converted molar quantity of each mass and corresponding percent yield for the two synthesized compound, as well as their experimental and theoretical melting points and percent discrepancy between these values. As noted, the â€Å"Start† weight of Benzil- in row 3 of Table 1- differs from the â€Å"Yield† weight- in row 2. The yield, itself, was not used in the second part of this experiment: the synthesis of benzilic acid from benzil. Furthermore, an error occurred in the second portion of the experiment and very little acid product was salvaged; thus, the yield shown for benzilic acid is data that has been shared from another synthesis (this product yield was from _____ and his lab partner). Additionally, this alternative product was the one used in determining a melting point. Graph 1 illustrates t he successful oxidation of benzil, as the alcohol has been eliminated. As expected, it also retains a strong peak at ~1657cm-1, indicating the carbonyl groups present in the diketone, although this is a slightly lower absorption than expected. Graph 2 also presents a successful synthesis, as a relatively strong and somewhat broad peak appears around 3390cm-1, suggesting the reemergence of an alcohol and potential presence of the carboxylic acid; that the peak at 1715cm-1 remains strong, confirms his.SAMPLE CALCULATIONSCalculation of Benzil Percent Yield: Moles BenzilMoles Benzoin=. 081g? 210. 23g/mol. 298g? 212. 24g/mol=3. 85? 10-4mol14. 0? 10-4mol=0. 275? 100%=27. 5% Calculation of Benzilic Acid Percent Yield: Moles Benzilic AcidMoles Benzil=. 0380? 228. 25g/mol. 1001? 210. 23g/mol=1. 67? 10-4mol4. 76? 10-4mol=0. 3497? 100%=34. 97% Calculation of Percent Discrepancy in Benzil Melting Point: %D=xTHEO-xEXPxTHEO? 100%= 95. 0? -95. 6? 95. 0? =. 00632Ãâ€"100%=0. 32% Calculation of Perc ent Discrepancy in Benzilic Acid Melting Point: %D=xTHEO-xEXPxTHEO? 100%= 150. 0? -149. 5? 150. 0? =. 0033Ãâ€"100%=0. 33% Both steps of this experiment’s synthesis are considered successful. Though not in the desired quantities, a product of benzil was obtained from benzoin and that of benzoic acid from benzil. The initial step, synthesis of benzil, resulted in a yield of 27. 5%, despite an encouragingly smooth synthesis. The synthesis may have called for a second, more thorough recrystallization to appeal this yield.The recrystallization was performed correctly; however, the mixture was likely not allowed to cool at an ideally slow rate. It was removed from the hot plate and, shortly thereafter, transferred to the ice bath- likely, before it had calmed to room temperature. This could have interrupted the ability for the product to crystallize without impurities being trapped within its lattice. During the second portion of this experiment, a known, pure quantity of benzil w as used to synthesize a 34. 97% yield of benzilic acid. This small yield is likely also due to factors similar to the aforementioned.Additionally, the recorded yield was shared from another synthesis; the original synthesis performed yielded too small and impure an amount of product to effectively determine a melting point and I. R. spectra. This failure may certainly be attributed to an error during the recrystallization, prior to the initial filtration. Proper care was taken to allow the solution to cool very slowly during this second recrystallization. Unfortunately, once the solution was transferred to the ice bath, a large chunk of ice crystals somehow fell over the lip of the flask and into the mixture. Being that the intermediate was relatively water

Led Zeppelin: A Decade That Changed Rock Music Essay

Led Zeppelin was formed in 1968 and disbanded in 1980. During that interval there were dramatic changes in rock music, its mythologies, the industry, and its audience. Through circumstance, design, and luck the band occupied a central position in some of the most significant of these developments. The band’s impact on rock was music was noteworthy: Led Zeppelin rewrote all the record books. All subsequent bands were measured by the standards it set. As with few other popular bands, the truth depends upon the perspective one takes. Since Led Zeppelin’s demise popular music and its institutions have changed significantly, in this paper, I will attempt to give both sides their due by sketching a measured image of the band and the role it played in the development of seventies rock music. It will be seen that the band emerged at a transitional period in popular music, and that partisans and critics alike hold it responsible for changes that characterized rock music in the seventies. Led Zeppelin was formed by Jimmy Page in late-1968. It rose from the ashes of the Yardbirds, a blues-rock band that, along with the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, was one of the first-generation British groups. Despite the fact that it had been extremely successful in the United States, the group had little success in its native country. One of the band’s central claims to fame was that it employed in succession Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, and Jimmy Page. Today, these musicians are revered as the holy trinity of white, English, rock-blues guitarists (Cole and Trubo 13-14). Page, a highly regarded session guitarist who played on numerous British hits, selected the musicians that would form his band. He first recruited another accomplished session musician, John Paul Jones, to play bass and keyboards. Discovering that his first choice for vocalist, Terry Reid, was unavailable he selected the relatively unknown Robert Plant. Plant, in turn, suggested a friend and former band-mate, John Bonham — â€Å"Bonzo† affectionately — to play drums. In their first rehearsal together, the four played the Yardbirds’ â€Å"The Train Kept a ‘Rollin. † The session has been described as â€Å"magic† by all present. The rest, as they say, is history (Yorke 21-3). Led Zeppelin, along with Blue Cheer, Black Sabbath, and Grand Funk, was a progenitor of the musical style known as â€Å"heavy metal† rock. As the name suggests, the genre features loudly amplified music that emphasizes the bottom register. Live or on a good stereo, its heaviness has a distinct somatic component — the throb of the guitar, bass, and drums can all be felt the in listener’s gut. Commentators interpret the genre as one of a number that emerged from the decomposition of psychedelic music in the late sixties (Straw 97-110), According to Straw, early heavy metal had three dominant stylistic traits; first, was the â€Å"cult† of the lead guitarist. Heavy metal bands were formed around guitar playing â€Å"geniuses† who were revered by fans for their instrumental prowess. As Weinstein reminds us, this extended to their use of, â€Å"A wide range of electronic gadgetry, such as wah-wah pedals and fuzz boxes† (Weinstein 23). Second, was the notion of the â€Å"power trio,† and other references to musical virtuosity. Unlike â€Å"pop† or commercial bands, whose relationship to musicianship was accidental at best, metal bands were made up of highly proficient musicians. Third, was the â€Å"supergroup† phenomenon, and the importance of extended solo playing that discarded the temporal limits of the pop song (Straw 97). As Weinstein observes, many of these attributes could also be discerned within pre-metal acts such as Hendrix or Cream (16-17). Later, the genre’s characteristics would sediment into distinctive stage shows, album cover designs, and audience dress and life styles. The success of this style has been interpreted as reflecting the emergence of a new rock audience, composed in Davis’ view, of, â€Å"Boys and young men between fifteen and twenty-four, an audience who like their rock to be loud, Anglo-Saxon, violent, 4/4, martial. The girls weren’t really at this party. It wasn’t a dance† (Davis 63). Audition tapes in hand, Led Zeppelin’s manager, Peter Grant, negotiated a five-album, ? 200,000 package with Atlantic Records in late 1969 (Lewis 45). In addition, the band was given complete artistic control over its music and album cover design. This was an unprecedented deal for a band that had yet to release a single album, and said as much for the negotiating skills of the principals as it did for the label’s expectations of the group’s potential for commercial success. In a move bound to raise more than a few eyebrows, the band removed the â€Å"a† from Lead Zeppelin, reportedly so that American fans would not mispronounce it. The magnitude of the deal would lead to charges that the band was based on â€Å"hype† rather than solid musicianship (Weinstein). Led Zeppelin’s early musical output fits squarely within the above stylistic categories. As Rockwell argues, its music was, â€Å"Essentially a prolongation of the nineteen-sixties British blues-rock tradition† (Rockwell n. p. ). Rather than offering a reinterpretation of the path laid down by its predecessors, the band’s music mutated the genre, creating a new offshoot. Two direct examples may be found on the band’s first album, Led Zeppelin: Willie Dixon’s â€Å"I Can’t Quit You† and â€Å"You Shook Me. † No mere covers, each song served as a point of departure for amplified, distorted, and shrieking musical efforts. Equally characteristic was the way Led Zeppelin offered up portentously expanded variants on American and British folk music. Songs such as â€Å"Babe, I’m Gonna Leave You† from the first album, or â€Å"Gallows Pole,† from the third, start with a vocal accompanied by an amplified acoustic guitar, building to complex tapestries of electrified sound and crashing drums (Yorke 72-4). These effects were realized by the way that Page used his guitar and electronic wizardry to explore the coloristic possibilities of distortion. Plant, on the other hand, used his voice like an instrument. This upset the vocal technique traditionally used by blues singers, which had required them to project emotion. Writing of this practice, Christgau argues, â€Å"Its influence on popular singing has been so widespread that, at least among males, singing and emoting have become almost identical — it is a matter of projection rather than hitting the notes† (n. p. ). Thus, singers like Bob Dylan or Neil Young who, by their own admission possessed little vocal talent, could be excused, or even revered, because of their ability to communicate not only lyrical content, but feelings. Plant’s vocals, in contrast, were devoid of feeling in the traditional sense. The expressive possibilities were found in the sound of his voice rather than in the lyric’s meaning (Lewis 67). No longer chained to lyrics, Plant used his voice as a sound rather than to express emotion, which often meant that a song’s lyrical content was often obscure or indecipherable. Led Zeppelin’s music did not emote in the traditional sense. Even the band’s acoustic work — sounds traditionally coded as â€Å"sincere† and â€Å"warm† — was sometimes interpreted as lacking feeling. The often meant that critics would interpret the band’s music as cold, or charge that it was just undifferentiated noise. With his characteristic penchant for hyperbole, Lester Bangs referred to Led Zeppelin’s music as, â€Å"The tonal equivalent of a 1933 Nuremburg rally (â€Å"Mighty† 62). An analysis of the band’s lyrical themes reveals a variety of topics and sources of inspiration. In Led Zeppelin’s early music, lyrical content, vocal style, and instrumental attack, often exemplify an aggressive, swaggering, male sexuality. All are found within the band’s â€Å"Whole Lotta Love,† one of its early hits. Recorded in 1969, the song has a â€Å"dirty† sounding, three-note riff, that has become one of rock’s most recognizable. Plant sung the lyrics, â€Å"borrowed† from Willie Dixon’s â€Å"You Need Love,† with his best histrionic ardor (Davis). Accompanied by the vocalist howling in orgasmic frenzy, the song’s middle section has churning, swirling, electronic sound effects that move from left to right speakers. On the same album, however, one finds â€Å"Ramble On,† a song that embodies and presages Robert Plant’s fascination with Tolkien-inspired imagery and Celtic themes. Undoubtedly, its lyrics owe a debt to traditional, blues-based tales of ‘ramblin men, who â€Å"have no time for spreading roots. † Ultimately, however, the song breaks from that mold by restating the narrative within the vernacular of an unrelenting, mythical quest for â€Å"the queen of all my dreams† (Lewis). Such songs are characteristic of Led Zeppelin’s output, and provide insight into what differentiated the band from its precursors. For Straw, one of the characteristics of their music was a, â€Å"Consistent non-invocation of rock history or mythology in any self-conscious or genealogical sense† (103). While he views this as a generic quality, it is particularly relevant to the analysis of Led Zeppelin’s music. Put differently, when Plant copped blues lyrics for a song it was rarely to evoke a specific musical mood or period. Instead, they became part of a larger musical dynamic. True, a song such as â€Å"Bring it on Home,† may have begun with the harmonica and voice mannerisms of an old, black, blues singer, but its inclusion was based primarily on architectural considerations rather than of a desire to pay homage to American urban music of the twenties and thirties. This misunderstanding is part of the reason that someone like Lester Bangs would write that Led Zeppelin’s, â€Å"Albums refine the crude public tools of all dull white blues bands into something awesome in its very insensitive grossness, like a Cecil B. DeMille epic† (â€Å"Review of Led Zeppelin† n. p. ). Rather than understanding the mechanics of the effect, or perhaps understanding but still not won over, critics found it easier to interpret the means Page used to achieve it. As it employed â€Å"inflated† or â€Å"excessive† means to achieve dynamic contrasts, Led Zeppelin’s music was often accused of being cartoon-like, the perfect intellectual nourishment for its young and uninformed audience (Cole and Trubo 49-50). According to Rockwell, â€Å"As it evolved from 1968 onward, Led Zeppelin became the first and greatest mass audience band built up through FM radio-play and live concerts rather than AM singles† (â€Å"Led Zeppelin and the Alchemy† 24). Christgau compliments this view, by observing that the band never â€Å"woodshedded† like Cream, that it had a mass audience from the start (n. p. ). Both facts reflected the changing structure of the music industry in the late-sixties and early-seventies. Traditionally, rock bands started at the ground floor. They toured in small venues and received local radio airplay, which they would then parlay into a local or regional base of support. Despite its commercial success, Led Zeppelin positioned itself as a band that lay outside the mainstream. Though it had a mass audience, the band’s fans felt as if they were members of a secret society. When their early albums were criticized by reviews in the Rolling Stone and other national music publications, they recoiled from contact with the music press. Unlike other bands, its members were rarely in the pages of music magazines (Lewis). Consistent with contractual stipulations, Led Zeppelin exercised absolute control over their artistic direction. They became known as a band that wouldn’t take shit from anyone. Tales of their contrariness have taken on mythic proportions. At a time when other popular bands were required to cut singles or engage in more subtle or obvious forms of merchandising, they were one of the few that had the power to abstain from these sordid affairs (Yorke 114-5). Despite many lucrative offers, the band refused to perform on television. These stories lent the band a distinctive mystique. Rockwell comments, â€Å"Led Zeppelin is a band that is almost a ritual among teen-agers and blissfully alien to the over-21-year-olds† (24). This combination of mass appeal and cult-like allegiance is an unusual and interesting phenomenon. In structure if not in meaning, the group was the musical equivalent of the Volkswagen Beetle. Even today, its status as a â€Å"people’s band† remains largely uncontested (Cole and Trubo 102). The hullabaloo surrounding the release of Led Zeppelin’s fourth album provides insight into how the band’s unique status was constructed. In 1971 it released its fourth album. Its jacket contained no words that would identify it as a Led Zeppelin album to â€Å"outsiders. † Inside, one found four â€Å"runes† at the top of the liner sleeve (Yorke 133). When asked to explain the rationale for this unorthodox packaging, Page replied, â€Å"We decided that on the fourth album we would deliberately downplay the group name and there wouldn’t be any information on the outer jacket. Names, titles, and things like that do not mean a thing. †¦ What matters is our music. We said we just wanted to rely purely on music†( quoted in Davis 141-142). Within the industry, confusion ensued over what to call the album. Critics labeled it â€Å"the fourth album,† or referred to it by catalog number, â€Å"Atlantic SD 7208,† while fans often referred to it as â€Å"Zoso,† a rough transliteration of the first rune. One does not have to challenge the sincerity of Mr. Page’s remarks to see how a belief that only music mattered, and that â€Å"Names, titles and things† had no relevance, might also function as an effective marketing tool. It played the game both ways: on the one hand, it affirmed the band’s distance from merchandising itself, while, on the other, it created an aura that drew suburban teens to record stores in droves (Cole and Trubo 73). Led Zeppelin toured North America every year from 1968 through 1973, returning in 1975 and 1977. The band had scheduled concert dates for 1980, although John Bonham’s untimely death halted their plans. The tours since 1973 were conducted with military-like precision. The band even went as far as leasing their own private jets to ferry them to and from shows (Yorke 142). The size of Led Zeppelin’s attendance and gate receipts were to become almost as legendary as its performances. In July 1973 the band broke the Beatles’ record for single concert paid attendance. The Beatles had drawn 55,000, with a $301,000 gross, to Shea Stadium in 1965. Yet that night 56,800 people paid $309,000 to see Led Zeppelin in Tampa, Florida (Robins 116). In 1977 the band played before 76,229 fans in Pontiac, Michigan, billed as the largest paid crowd for a single attraction in the history of rock. The band’s gross for the evening was $792,361, a record at that time (Swan Song Press Release). While its fans would proudly identify with the band’s â€Å"outsider† status, they also took a great deal of satisfaction in the band’s commercial success. This contradiction suggests that the rock ideology had mutated since the late-60, and that its oppositional stance had softened some, reflecting institutional changes that the genre and its audience had undergone during that time (Lewis). Plant and Page, around whom most of the show revolved, presented starkly different characters. On stage Plant was the front-man. He introduced the songs and chatted with the audience between them. The singer’s appeal was primarily to girls and young women. On stage he was, by turns, coquettish and phallic (Cole and Trubo 66-7). At one moment, he was a golden-curled, teeny-bop dream, provoking fantasies of castles and knights, at another, he was a groaning, pushing, back-door man, ready to break down the door to get what he wanted. Robins characterized his stage presence as, â€Å"Spirituality mixed with sexuality† (Robins 117). Unlike the singer, Page’s appeal was primarily to boys and young men. While the driving force behind the band, he almost never spoke to the audience. His is the silence of young boys, vulnerable and aloof. A waifish, Edwardian figure, Page’s guitar playing was accompanied by dramatic and grandiloquent gestures. On stage he often resembled a wizard marshaling the dark electronic forces at his disposal, an impression heightened by his reported dalliance with Satanism. He appeals to those who feel they have something important to say, but doubt their ability to say them (Davis). Led Zeppelin’s music always exceeded generic heavy metal boundaries. In the mid-seventies, however, these boundaries were eroding from developments within and without rock music. The stylistic diversity that marked its third and fourth albums was pushed even farther in later albums such as Houses of the Holy and Physical Graffiti. In each, the blues played a less prominent role, and the band’s lyrical concerns began to shift, in a generic sense, overlapping the terrain occupied by progressive groups such as Yes, King Crimson, and Emerson, Lake, and Palmer. In the mid- to late-seventies the distinctions between the audiences for heavy metal and progressive rock began to fragment (Weinstein 29). By the mid 70s, Led Zeppelin’s audience had become more varied. While still holding much of its traditional audience base, new groups such as Boston, Aerosmith, or Kansas, competed with the band for the allegiance of young listeners. By contrast, its music became part of the mainstream. In 1976, for example, the daughter of the president, Susan Ford, said on the Dick Cavett Show that Led Zeppelin was her favorite group. Not able to let its historical commitment to youth be outshone, the Democrats responded in kind. Speaking at the National Association of Record Manufacturers convention, Jimmy Carter â€Å"reminisced about listening to Led Zeppelin records during all-night sessions when he was governor of Georgia† (Davis 296-7). While anecdotal, both accounts suggest that Led Zeppelin had become something of an institution. As a signifier of youth, one needed only to refer to it to become cool. As is common in politics, however, the symbolism rang hollow. Although the undisputed ruler of America’s high school parking lots in the early seventies, by the dawn of the eighties Led Zeppelin was no longer able to unite different youth factions under its sonic umbrella. Instead, these same parking lots were the sites of tribal warfare, with one area given over to New Wave, another to Disco or dance music, and still another to Metal (Straw 101-3). Led Zeppelin was, arguably, the most commercially successful rock band of the seventies, all the while maintaining an aura that made its young audience feel as if it were part of a secret society. From their standpoint, fandom was an entry into a â€Å"community† the size of which has not been seen since. It was also, arguably, the most significant and influential rock band of the seventies. Emerging from the decomposition of 60s psychedelia, the band played a leading role in the development of the decade’s musical, performance, and business practices. Works Cited Bangs, Lester. Review of Led Zeppelin III, Atlantic SD 7201. Rolling Stone. (November 26,1970): NP. Bangs, Lester. â€Å"Mighty War Machine, Familiar as a heartbeat,† Creem. (February 1972) 62-63. Christgau, Robert. â€Å"A Power Plant† Newsday. (June 15,1972): NP. Cole, Richard and Richard Trubo. Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored. New York: Harper Collins, 1992. Davis, Stephen. Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga. New York: Ballantine Books, 1985. Lewis, Dave. Led Zeppelin: A Celebration. Omnibus Press, 1991. Queenan, Joe. â€Å"Bookshelf: Sex V Drugs ‘n’ Rock ‘n’ Roll. † The Wall Street Journal. (August 28,1992): NP. Robins, Wayne. â€Å"Led Zep Zaps Kidz. † Village Voice. (February 3,1975): 116-118. Rockwell, John. â€Å"Led Zeppelin Excites Crowd at Garden But Somehow Delirium Wasn’t There. † New York Times. (February 4,1975): NP. Rockwell, John. â€Å"Led Zeppelin and the Alchemy of a Rock Group. † New York Times. (June 5, 1977): 19-24. Straw, Will. â€Å"Characterizing Rock Music Cultures: The Case of Heavy Metal,† in Frith, Simon and Andrew Goodwin (eds. ) On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word. New York: Pantheon, 1990, pp. 97-110. Weinstein, Deena. Heavy Metal: A Cultural Sociology. New York: Lexington Books, 1991. Yorke, Ritchie. Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography. London: Virgin, 1993.

Computers and Network Security

Computers and Network Security Free Online Research Papers First, let me also explain what a network is, in particular a computer network. A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and presents the basic components of a network. Networks can be classified according to the topologies. There are a variety of topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, Star-bus, Tree or hierarchical topology network. The bus, ring, and star are the ones commonly used when trying to run a corporate company. I would recommend a star configuration when doing so. The purpose behind using the star configuration is based off the fact that a star configuration connects all cables to a central point of concentration. This point is usually a hub or switch. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub. The reason why I wouldnt use a ring configuration is mainly due to the fact that the ring configuration is pretty much obsolete in situations like this where we are applying network topology to a huge corporation. The reason why I wouldnt use a bus configuration is because it does not cope well with heavy data rates, limited cable length and the number of stations, cable breaks to the server disables the whole entire system, and the performance is degraded if additional computers are added. The only other possible would be a tree configuration, but even with that, I think the star wou ld be the best option. Network security must protect the organization’s ability to function, enable the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization’s IT systems, project the date the organization collects and uses, and safeguard the technology assets in use at the organization. Today’s organizations are under immense pressure to acquire and operate integrated, efficient, and capable applications. The modern organization needs to create an environment that safeguards applications using the organization’s IT systems, particularly those applications that serve as important elements of the infrastructure of the organization including; operating system platforms, e-mail, and instant messaging (IM) applications. Organizations acquire these elements either be outsourcing from a service provider or by building their own. Once an organization’s infrastructure is place, management must continue to oversee it, and not abdicate the responsibility for the entire inf rastructure to the IT department. Like I have emphasized earlier, network security is so essential to many corporations. This is why many companies are starting to increase the level of security and realizing that half-hearted security systems can lead to many different disasters. There are so many different threats you have to worry about when trying to protect a network that holds important information. The 2004 Computer Security Institute/Federal Bureau of Investigation (CSI/FBI) ran a study found that 79 percent of the organizations responding (Primarily large corporations and government agencies) identified cyber security breaches within with the last 12 months, a number that is on the decline. The study also found that 54 percent of these organizations reported financial losses totaling over $141 million, due to computer security breaches. The number of respondents identifying unauthorized computer use was 53 percent, down from 56 percent in 2003. Some threats to be concerned with is accidents, employee mistake s, piracy, copyright infringement, unauthorized access and/ or data collection, blackmail or information disclosure, destruction of systems or information, illegal confiscation of equipment or information, viruses, worms, macros, denial of service, forces of nature, ISP, power, or WAN service issues from service providers, equipment failure, bugs, code problems, unknown loopholes, antiquated or outdated technologies. Network security isn’t the only important type of security for corporation; information security is also a very important factor. Quality security programs begin and end with policy. Information security is often a management problem, not a technical one, policy obliges personnel to function in a manner that adds to the security of information assets, rather than as a threat to those assets. It is interesting to note that security policies are the least expensive control to execute, but the most difficult to implement properly. They are the lowest cost in that they involve only the time and effort of the management team to create, approve, and communicate. Even if the management team decides to hire an outside consultant to assist development of policy, the costs are minimal compared to those of technical controls. However, shaping policy is difficult because it must never conflict with laws, stand up in court if challenged, and be properly administered through dissemination a nd documented acceptance. To be effective, a policy must be disseminated by all means possible, including printed personnel manuals, organization intranets, and periodic supplements. All members of the organization must read, understand, and agree to the policies. At the same time, policies should be considered living documents, in that they require constant modification and maintenance as the needs of the organization evolves. Management must define three types of security policy according to The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Special Publication including general or security program policies, issue specific security polices, and systems-specific security policies. Like at the beginning of the report we stated that things such as firewalls were necessary to protect a network, but there is actually more than just that to protect a network, one of those things is a security perimeter. A perimeter is the boundary of an area. A security perimeter defines the edge between the outer limit of an organization’s security that protects all internal systems from outside threats. Security perimeters can effectively be implemented as multiple technologies that segregate the protected information from those who would attack it. Within security perimeters the organization can establish security domains, or areas of trust within which users can freely communicate. The assumption is that if individuals have access to one system within a security domain, they have authorized access to all systems within that particular domain. The presence and nature of the security perimeter is an essential element of the overall security framework, and the details of im plementing the perimeter make up a great deal of the particulars of the completed security blueprint. The key components used for planning the perimeter are presented in the following sections on firewalls, DMZs, proxy servers, and intrusion detection systems. Research Papers on Computers and Network SecurityOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product Computers and Network Security Free Online Research Papers Security is a must when dealing with a data network, this is why you have to take the proper precautions of coming up with a system to protect a business from any intruders, hackers, or anything of that nature. For most businesses you need a strong firewall and proxy to keep unwanted people out. You will also need a strong Anti-virus software and Internet Security Software. For authentication, you must use strong passwords and change it on a bi-weekly/monthly basis. When using a wireless connection, you must have a robust password. You also must raise awareness about physical security to employees. Finally, you must implement an optional network analyzer or network monitor. First, let me also explain what a network is, in particular a computer network. A computer network is a group of interconnected computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of some types and categories and presents the basic components of a network. Networks can be classified according to the topologies. There are a variety of topologies including bus, ring, star, mesh, Star-bus, Tree or hierarchical topology network. The bus, ring, and star are the ones commonly used when trying to run a corporate company. I would recommend a star configuration when doing so. The purpose behind using the star configuration is based off the fact that a star configuration connects all cables to a central point of concentration. This point is usually a hub or switch. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub. The reason why I wouldnt use a ring configuration is mainly due to the fact that the ring configuration is pretty much obsolete in situations like this where we are applying network topology to a huge corporation. The reason why I wouldnt use a bus configuration is because it does not cope well with heavy data rates, limited cable length and the number of stations, cable breaks to the server disables the whole entire system, and th e performance is degraded if additional computers are added. The only other possible would be a tree configuration, but even with that, I think the star would be the best option. Network security must protect the organization’s ability to function, enable the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization’s IT systems, project the date the organization collects and uses, and safeguard the technology assets in use at the organization. Today’s organizations are under immense pressure to acquire and operate integrated, efficient, and capable applications. The modern organization needs to create an environment that safeguards applications using the organization’s IT systems, particularly those applications that serve as important elements of the infrastructure of the organization including; operating system platforms, e-mail, and instant messaging (IM) applications. Organizations acquire these elements either be outsourcing from a service provider or by building their own. Once an organization’s infrastructure is place, management must continue to oversee it, and not abdicate the responsibility for the entire inf rastructure to the IT department. Like I have emphasized earlier, network security is so essential to many corporations. This is why many companies are starting to increase the level of security and realizing that half-hearted security systems can lead to many different disasters. There are so many different threats you have to worry about when trying to protect a network that holds important information. The 2004 Computer Security Institute/Federal Bureau of Investigation (CSI/FBI) ran a study found that 79 percent of the organizations responding (Primarily large corporations and government agencies) identified cyber security breaches within with the last 12 months, a number that is on the decline. The study also found that 54 percent of these organizations reported financial losses totaling over $141 million, due to computer security breaches. The number of respondents identifying unauthorized computer use was 53 percent, down from 56 percent in 2003. Some threats to be concerned with is accidents, employee mistak es, piracy, copyright infringement, unauthorized access and/ or data collection, blackmail or information disclosure, destruction of systems or information, illegal confiscation of equipment or information, viruses, worms, macros, denial of service, forces of nature, ISP, power, or WAN service issues from service providers, equipment failure, bugs, code problems, unknown loopholes, antiquated or outdated technologies. Network security isn’t the only important type of security for corporation; information security is also a very important factor. Quality security programs begin and end with policy. Information security is often a management problem, not a technical one, policy obliges personnel to function in a manner that adds to the security of information assets, rather than as a threat to those assets. It is interesting to note that security policies are the least expensive control to execute, but the most difficult to implement properly. They are the lowest cost in that they involve only the time and effort of the management team to create, approve, and communicate. Even if the management team decides to hire an outside consultant to assist development of policy, the costs are minimal compared to those of technical controls. However, shaping policy is difficult because it must never conflict with laws, stand up in court if challenged, and be properly administered through dissemination a nd documented acceptance. To be effective, a policy must be disseminated by all means possible, including printed personnel manuals, organization intranets, and periodic supplements. All members of the organization must read, understand, and agree to the policies. At the same time, policies should be considered living documents, in that they require constant modification and maintenance as the needs of the organization evolves. Management must define three types of security policy according to The National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Special Publication including general or security program policies, issue specific security polices, and systems-specific security policies. Like at the beginning of the report we stated that things such as firewalls were necessary to protect a network, but there is actually more than just that to protect a network, one of those things is a security perimeter. A perimeter is the boundary of an area. A security perimeter defines the edge between the outer limit of an organization’s security that protects all internal systems from outside threats. Security perimeters can effectively be implemented as multiple technologies that segregate the protected information from those who would attack it. Within security perimeters the organization can establish security domains, or areas of trust within which users can freely communicate. The assumption is that if individuals have access to one system within a security domain, they have authorized access to all systems within that particular domain. The presence and nature of the security perimeter is an essential element of the overall security framework, and the details of im plementing the perimeter make up a great deal of the particulars of the completed security blueprint. The key components used for planning the perimeter are presented in the following sections on firewalls, DMZs, proxy servers, and intrusion detection systems. Work Cited Whitman, Michael. Principles of Information Security. 2nd. Canada: Thomson, 2005. Network Security. Network Security. Wikipedia. 20 Oct 2008 . Curtin, Matt. interhack.net/pubs/network-security/. Interhack. 20 Oct 2008 . Wireless LAN Security. Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 20 Oct 2008 . Ransom, Diana . Starting Up: Adding a Layer of Security. All Business. 15 Oct 2008 . Boothe, Bill. A network security checklist you can really use.. all Business. 01 Feb 2008. 20 Oct 2008 . Doehrman, Marylou. Network security is crucial. All Business. 10 Oct 2003. All Business. 20 Oct 2008 . Security Software is First to Tackle Disquieting Problem of Insider Threats. Market Watch. 09 Sep 2008. 20 Oct 2008 . Lin, Paul. System Security Threats and Controls. All Business. 01 June 2006. All Business. 20 Oct 2008 . Wayne, Mark. Network security: its one area where you simply cant afford to take risks.. All Business. 01 Apr 2005. All Business. 20 Oct 2008 . Research Papers on Computers and Network SecurityThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OnePETSTEL analysis of India